Monday, December 30, 2019

Artificial Security Research Paper - 890 Words

Alternate Title Supplement Your Staff with Artificial Intelligence and Chatbots Cybersecurity professionals are seriously outnumbered by legions of hackers who are determined to find exploitable vulnerabilities. Most hackers are not subject to the same budget constraints that CISOs frequently face. They may have the manpower to spend more time breaching your system than you can muster to defend it. However, even if you have the funds to hire an equivalent number of staff members to block the threat, handle an insane number of alerts and respond to a tsunami of incidents, the current shortage of qualified talent will probably make that approach impossible. A Better Solution As a cybersecurity professional, you know that the criminals†¦show more content†¦In the world of cybersecurity, machine learning focuses on making predictions that are based on the thousands of properties gleaned from earlier data. Signatures, behaviors, heuristics and other current techniques rely on data points that are as simplistic as they are easy to evade. The primary differentiator of this new technology is that previously unknown attacks are detectable, even those that are not yet conceived or written, but the detection of previously known attacks is not sacrificed. In essence, this type of machine learning delivers the power to predict future attacks. The new technology does not require manual engineering of features. Instead, it utilizes deep neural networks, the first family of algorithms with the capability to eliminate the need to manually define features. The deep-learning engine is capable of learning how to identify whether a file is legitimate or malicious, all without human intervention. When integrated with artificial intelligence, chatbot technology can take cybersecurity an additional step. Chatbots have the ability to verify and interact with all users, eliminating manual intervention to verify the users identity in real time. In turn, analysts can separate routine alerts from the critical ones, giving analysts more time to concentrate on the important issues. Machines vs. Humans Recently, there has been a great deal of discussion on the topic of whether the union of humans and artificialShow MoreRelatedA Survey On Load Balancing Cloud Computing Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesA Survey on Load Balancing in Cloud Computing using Artificial Intelligence Techniques Amandeep Kaur1, Pooja Nagpal2 1Research Scholar,Department of CSE, I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology,India 2Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology ,I.K.Gujral Punjab Technical University Rayat Institute of Engineering and Information Technology,India 1amandhonsa@gmail.com, 2rieit.cseRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence1603 Words   |  7 PagesArtificial Intelligence Introduction Artificial intelligence is the study and development of enabling computer and machine technology to learn, simulate intelligence, use logic, and perform tasks that are typically performed by humans. Artificial intelligence is an area of research that has been prone to controversy. Researchers are conflicted in regards to whether artificial intelligence is beneficial. Some believe that it will help solve many societal issues, others fear that it will cause furtherRead MoreTechnology Trends1367 Words   |  6 PagesInnovations in analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), digitization, and automation are creating several productivity and performance opportunities for businesses and other industries such as agriculture, as well as the wider economy. Further, these technologies are reshaping the future of work and employment and how the most pressing challenges at present will be solved, including in medicine, agriculture and food security, and business. The business landscape has been reshaped significantly inRead MoreNatural Food Verses Genetically Modified Foods1271 Words   |  5 Pageswas awake. Whereas nowadays I catch myself reading every label, conducting my own research, and learning more about the genetically modified food we consume daily while also trying to avoid them. On one end of the spectrum we have genetically modified Foods. These foods are exactly what their names states; they have been genetically modified either with artificial colors, artificial flavors, and other artificial additives. Sometimes their genetic codes are modified, even down to the manipulationRead MoreA Paper Presentation on Brain Controlled Car for Disabled Using Artificial Intelligence1667 Words   |  7 PagesA Paper Presentation on BRAIN CONTROLLED CAR FOR DISABLED USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE Submitted on the event of Zeitgeist’09 At UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Read MoreEssay On Ed Problem1536 Words   |  7 PagesUnits restricted operating zones (up to three restricted zones per unit) VI. Emission allowance of the system (SO2, CO2, NOx) VII. Network security constraints (maximum mW power flows of transmission lines) Supporting multiple I/O curves (incremental Heat Rate) and emission cost curve for different fuels. Economic DispatchRead MoreThe Effects Of Artificial Intelligence On Medical Information On Patient s Privacy1463 Words   |  6 Pagesinformation and also assisting medical personnel in various tasks such as diagnosis [1]. Artificial intelligence in medicine has greatly revolutionized this discipline but this benefit is accompanied with certain setbacks. This paper will, therefore, reflect on the impact of using artificial intelligence to analyze medical information on patient’s privacy in an act utilitarianism manner. Despite the fact that artificial intelligence is growing in rapidly and its medical applications broadening as daysRead MoreBuilding Adaptive Defense Against Cybercrimes Using Real Time Data Mining1648 Words   |  7 Pagescybercrime and to ameliorate to the required levels of security. This paper visualizes the empowerment of security systems through real-time data mining by the virtue of which these systems will be able to dynamically identify patterns of cybercrimes. This will help those security systems stepping up their defense capabilities, while adapting to the required levels posed by newly germinating patterns. In order to confine within scope of this paper, the application of this approach is being discussedRead MoreArtificial Intelligence In Technology1612 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The increasing use of artificial intelligence in technology will transform our societies for the worse.† Module: FC-503 Tutor Name: Assessment type: Essay Student Number: T0061516 Word Count: The theme of the 2017 Summer Davos meeting was about the fourth revolution of science and technology and artificial intelligence was undoubtedly one of the main topics discussed by people. From driving interactive voice with nobody to Alphago defeat the invincible chess champion Ke Jie (GibneyRead MoreCreating an Artificial Environment Essay556 Words   |  3 PagesCreating an Artificial Environment Has Technology morally put the environment and nature on the back burner? Are we living lifestyles that are constantly putting our health at risk? Due to technology our economic status is on the verge of collapsing? Is there a race by Americans to see who could use the resources of the earth faster? These questions and a lot other arise when discussing the problems with our environment. Through my research paper on an artificial environment I hope to cover

The Failure Of Reconstruction Of Texas - 989 Words

The Failure of Reconstruction in Texas There are many Texas myths that endured about carpetbaggers during the failed Reconstruction era. â€Å"Carpetbaggers was generally used to describe Northerners who moved to the south after the Civil War especially who joined state Republicans formed in 1867† pg. 212. They were rumored to be allegedly â€Å"corrupt and dishonest adventurous who’s property could fit in a carpet bag (a soft suitcase made of carpet) who seized political power†. In this essay, I will analyze how the myth/legend came about, why the myth/legend is important to Texas history and what implications is has for the history and memory of Texas. First, how did the myth/legend of failures of reconstruction came about? I would suppose the myth came about from Native Texans during the failed Reconstruction who felt that the Northerners or as they were referred to as carpet baggers where ruining the state. This myth was unfounded because only a small amount of judges were Northerners and in the Twelfth Legislature 12 out of 142 came from Northern states and a very few participated in politics at the local level. Those carpetbaggers that were in politics often didn’t fit the stereotype that was given to most northerners. Most carpetbaggers came before Republicans took power so they couldn’t Moore2 have been coming to Texas just for any type of political gain. Many came with the army to Texas or was with Freedmen’s Bureau so they came looking for work notShow MoreRelatedWhat Defines Us as Americans894 Words   |  4 Pageseven the way things are today. Knowing this we must ask ourselves what defines us as Americans? There are series of events that all together add up to define us as Americans such as, the Constitution, Westward Expansion, and the Civil War and Reconstruction. What do you think defines us as Americans? The Constitution states â€Å"We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the generalRead MoreConstitutions Are More Than Fancy Looking Words On An Old Sheet Of Paper1477 Words   |  6 Pageshave constitutions, including Texas, that aim to meet those needs. The Texas Constitution, written in 1876, is the second longest state constitution in the nation (Texas GOVT 2306- Week 3 Texas Constitution). The first section of the wordy Constitution is the preamble, followed by sixteen articles divided into subsections. The material in the document can be broadly described as â€Å"details of policy and governmental organization† (Newell et al. 46). Article One of the Texas Constitution contains a BillRead MorePopulist Dreams And Negro Rights : East Texas As A Case Study963 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"Populist Dreams and Negro Rights: East Texas as a Case Study,† Lawrence Goodwyn keys in on the triumphs of the People s Party in Grimes County, Texas. I discovered Populism in Grimes County is the narrative of an interracial alliance that had its beginning in Reconstruction and persevered for more than an era. I resolved why the long post-Reconstruction period emerges as the social request that has been composed progressively along racial lines; the time period encroached as a brief gleamingRead MoreDebate over if the Reconstruction Era was Failure Essay1222 Words   |  5 Pagesabolished slavery, Fourteenth Amendment; that stated all persons born in the states were American citizens and finally the Fifteenth Amendment which highlighted that the a citizen’s right to vote should not be denied, thus achieving one of the aims of Reconstruction. As a result of those southern states that rejoined the Union, African Americans were legally classed as American citizens, allowing them access to rights that they were previously limited to. For example, in the eyes of the law, ex slavesRead MoreReconstruction after the Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesAfter Reading John Hope Franklin’s  Reconstruction after the Civil War  I have a completely new outlook on reconstruction. Some may say that this book, regardless of its historical contribution on Reconstruction, which it tries to demolish William Dunning’s myth of white supremacy. It is also has a very serious attempt to be fair and objective about a very controversial period when race, politics and ideology played a very different role in Society. It is precisely in Franklin’s abilityRead MoreEssay on Reconstruction998 Words   |  4 Pages Many people had different views and ideas about Reconstruction. There was much debate about how the Confederate states, which included Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia, should be readmitted into the Union. Some people believed that the states should be treated as territories, and others believed that the southern leaders should be punished instead of the states. Still, others believed that the South stillRead MoreReconstruction : The Misadventures Of Post Civil War1116 Words   |  5 PagesTimothy Perdoch CCNY USSO 101 Prof. Van Natter Reconstruction (The Misadventures of Post-Civil War America) America: â€Å"The land of the free, and the home of the brave† (Key 7-8). When our forefathers overcame the colonial reign of the British Empire, they formed the United States of America based on the premise of enlightened ideals promoting life, ownership of land, and liberty. But after the revolution, the country’s problems were far from solved. The country’s post-revolution issues sparkedRead MoreThe End Of The Reconstruction1318 Words   |  6 Pageswas an Era that started called the reconstruction. The main purpose for the reconstruction was to give African-American people full political and civil equality. However, it was very tough to do this, especially since most white in the south didn’t want the African-Americans to have the same rights as themselves. During this Era there were multiple good things that happened, yet, there were also many bad things that happened. For instance, during the reconstruction the 14th amendment was passed soRead MoreThe Surrender Of The Confederate Army Brought An End To1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe surrender of the confederate army brought an end to the civil war and the beginning of reconstruction. The country was divided with the newly freed slaves and the rebellious white southerners all attempting to be reintegrated back into the Union. The man America leaned on to help them was the same man who led the Union through the civil war, Abraham Lincoln. Although, on April 15, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. While fleeing the seen Booth can be heard shouting â€Å"the southRead MoreReconstruction : North And South1439 Words   |  6 PagesChapter 17 - Reconstruction: North and South America after the Civil War The War s Aftermath the fate of the former Confederacy, newly freed slaves, and the reforming US were all hot topics post war Development in the North the civil war was a social revolution in many ways; allowing great social and political reform and a flow of thoughts that were usually tided Morrill Tariff - doubled the average import duties National Banking Act - created a uniform system of banking and kanknote currency

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Essay on Egyptian Mathematics - 664 Words

The Egyptians are one of the earliest known and most well documented people to inhabit the Earth. They were one of the first people to respond to practical needs within agriculture, business, and industry. Moreover, archaeological and historical artifacts suggest that the Egyptians were among the first to develop the study of mathematics. This paper will discuss the development of mathematics in ancient Egypt, focusing on the use of hieroglyphs, the decimal system, and hieratic writing and numerals to demonstrate that the Egyptians made notable contributions to modern day understandings of mathematics. The foundations of mathematics are strongly rooted in the history and way of life of the Egyptian people, dating back to the†¦show more content†¦The Egyptians had a decimal system made up of seven different symbols. The number 1 was shown by a single stroke, 10 was shown by an upside down U, 100 was represented by a coil of rope, 1,000 was represented by a drawing of a lotus plant, 10,000 was represented by a bent finger, 100,000 was represented by a picture of a frog, and 1,000,000 was a drawing of a god-like figure with its arms raised above his head. The conventions for reading and writing these numbers were quite simple. In general, the higher number was almost always written in front of the lower number, and where there was more than one row of numbers the reader read from the top of the inscription. The development of the decimal system therefore provided a uniform method of identifying and reading numerical figures, which was previously non-existent. For many years, hieroglyphs and decimals were the primary means of conveying mathematical concepts among the Egyptians. However, once the Egyptians began to use flattened sheets of dried papyrus reed as paper, and the tips of the reeds as pens, there was reason to develop more rapid means of writing. This prompted the development of hieratic writing and numerals. Although a large number of papyri, many surely dealing with mathematics, were created by the Egyptians, most have perished over time. There are two major mathematic documents that have survived, however. These include theShow MoreRelatedHistory And History Of Math1430 Words   |  6 PagesMath in Egypt Did you know that Egyptian hieroglyphs used over 700 different picture symbols? Those symbols were used for various things including recording official texts. Every symbol meant a different thing and only scribes could write hieroglyphs since most Egyptians were illiterate. The Egyptians used hieroglyphs in math by having symbols for numbers. Examples of this would include having a coil of rope for a hundred and a lotus plant for a thousand. The Egyptians knew various types of math includingRead MoreEssay about Egyptian Math1035 Words   |  5 PagesEgyptian Math   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The use of organized mathematics in Egypt has been dated back to the third millennium BC. Egyptian mathematics was dominated by arithmetic, with an emphasis on measurement and calculation in geometry. With their vast knowledge of geometry, they were able to correctly calculate the areas of triangles, rectangles, and trapezoids and the volumes of figures such as bricks, cylinders, and pyramids. They were also able to build the Great Pyramid with extreme accuracy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  EarlyRead MoreCalculus As A Branch Of Mathematics1169 Words   |  5 Pagesdefined as a branch of mathematics that deals mostly with rate of change and with finding lengths, areas, and volumes; it is divided into two types: integral and differential. The calculus we have come to know and love has been around for quite some time, dating all the way back to its â€Å"creation† which is credited to Newton and Leibniz. But what if there was an ancient form of â€Å"calculus† before our modern calculus? Many ancient civilizations were brilliant and used mathematics in ways that the peopleRead MoreHistory And History Of Math1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthat between one to four million people lived in the Nile River Valley. The Egyptians called this region Kemet which translates to Black Land (O’Connor and Robertson; Lesko 135-44). As society began to be more complex and people began to trade for services and goods, a need for a counting system arose (O’ Connor and Robertson). At the time, the Egyptians used hieroglyphs that only scribes could write since most Egyptians were illiterate (Lesko 135-44). The word hieroglyph comes from two Greek words;Read MoreHieroglyphics and History of Mathematics567 Words   |  2 PagesHieroglyphics deal a lot with the history of math, because it was one of the earliest of maths. The ancient Egyptians were the first civilization to practice the scientific arts. It is said that the Egyptians introduced the earliest fully-developed base 10 numeration systems at least as early as 2700 B.C. The word chemistry is derived from the word Alchemy which is the ancient name for Egypt. It was between the third and first millennia B.C. It later then died in 400 AD. This was first used as legalRead MorePraise of the Scribe Essay987 Words   |  4 Pagesgreatest civilizations to ever emerge in this world. A society ruled by divine kingship, and belief in polytheism. It was not because of what the Egy ptians did but more so of what was left behind for other readers and educators to see. Considering the fact that the Egyptians established a very unique language and writing system also called hieroglyphics, the Egyptians had to establish a private society due to the fact that no other person was higher than the Scribes, who were the intellectuals of ancientRead MoreAngel Gabriel Looks At Mariana And Not Mary2387 Words   |  10 Pagesimportant moments of Roman-Egyptian history. Tadema represented the Egyptian culture and resonance through his painting and in this process he studied a lot about Egypt which is evident from the intrinsic details he provides through the Egyptian objects in the painting. His main visual inspirations were from the objects in the European museums and he must have looked into secondary texts like Wilkinson’s â€Å"Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptian† to properly represent the Egyptian culture and link itRead MoreExchange of Informati on Between Sumer Egypt and India Essay examples2068 Words   |  9 Pagesexchanged and adapted to later civilizations. One such society was the Egyptians, located on the Nile River in northern Africa. Around 2700 BCE between the First Cataract and the Nile Delta, the heartland of Egyptian civilization and its order and stability were being established. Similar to the Sumerians, the Egyptians were forced to deal with flooding from the river; however, they did not fear this problem. To the Egyptians, the Nile was a tame river that rarely brought death and destructionRead More Life Is Mathematics: Looking at the movie Pi. Essay1333 Words   |  6 PagesLife Is Mathematics: Looking at the movie Pi. Well that pretty much says it all. What is it? It is a very good movie. This is an Independent film. It is a number which can only be defined in the mind. The first time I watched this movie was when I was at my best friend’s house last year around 2am. We watched it on VHS, but didn’t finish it. I came back here and found someone who had it on their computer; we burned it to a CD in a DivX format. â€Å"DivX(TM) is a leading MPEG-4 compatibleRead MoreThe Mathematics Of A Large Nutshell959 Words   |  4 PagesMath through the Ages provides an interesting and concise analysis of the mathematical culture of different societies in history. The section â€Å"The History of Mathematics in a Large Nutshell† provides an interesting discussion of Greek mathematics. The mathematics of the culture both influenced and was influenced by the culture of the society. The Greeks were most likely the most important historical society in the Western world. They spread their vast knowledge and affected the mathematical traditions

A Man Becoming Prejudice Against Blind People - 1710 Words

A man becoming prejudice against blind people. A man that has been closed off emotionally makes of a connection with a blind man, it is a breakthrough for him. It is an epiphany making a cathedral with the blind man is the moment when he learns how to trust another person.The Cathedral is a captivating story based on the lives of the narrator, his wife and a blind man. Raymond Carver is the author of this story, and he does an excellent job allowing the reader to delve into the lives of these characters. Through using the thoughts of the narrator, the reader is able to grab our attention because the story is made more realistic. The views expressed by the narrator in many senses exemplify the views of many in society and therefore the reader is able to make an emotional connection through the story. Raymond Carver is a renowned short story writer born in 1938. The New York Times classifies him as â€Å"most influential writer of American short stories in the 2nd half of the 20th century† (King, 2009). His upbringing was in a lower middle class setting in Oregon. Due to his upbringing, many of his stories were influenced as a result of his experience in that socioeconomic status. He had the ability to capture the lives of the average Joe through his fictional tales. He was known to use people from all walks of life to depict his agenda in these tales. He successfully wrote many short stories, poems, and essays with various collections. His story, the Cathedral isShow MoreRelatedStereotypes And Discrimination Of Modern American Society859 Words   |  4 PagesPrejudice is defined as preconceived notions or judgments about a person or group of people based on stereotypes and not actual experience. While prejudice stems from a more understandable social need of humans to be able to predict other peoples’ behavior, it nearly always leads to discrimination and hate. In modern American society, most people would say that the prejudices that so negatively accosted minorities and women are gone. What tricks people into believing this is the level at which mostRead MoreStereotypes in Raymond Carvers Cathedral Essay1335 Words   |  6 Pagesnegative manner at first relying on those prejudices, but as he comes to know Robert, he re-develops his stereotypes and interacts with Robert in a more positive way. Dr. Munyi of Kenyatta University states in â€Å"Past and Present Perceptions Towards Disability: A Historical Perspective† that fear, ignorance, and superstition are among many social factors that have led to the development of stereotypes and prejudices towards disabled people. Throughout history people with disabilities have been thought toRead MoreAn Analysis Of Cathedral By Raymond Carver1441 Words   |  6 Pagesthat focuses on the transition a man goes through to see the world with his soul. The story gives hope that people can change if given the chance to be better people. Over the course of the story, Carver uses both diction and description to explore themes in religion and morality. â€Å"Cathedral† depicts a husband and a wife as they prepare and entertain a friend of the wife. The husband, the narrator, is not excited about the friend coming because he is blind. The blind man and the wife have been friendsRead MoreAnger And Intolerance Are The Enemies Of Correct Understanding1210 Words   |  5 Pagesresult is an immoral decision based upon a judgment clouded by prejudice. Anger, ranging from a strong feeling of annoyance to a strong feeling of hostility, can provoke blindness in a person’s behavior under the right circumstances. Intolerance, an unwillingness to accept the views, beliefs, or behavior that differ from one’s own, is toxic when combined with anger. Anger is dangerous enough as it is on its own, so anger fueled by prejudice is bound to have a catastrophic result. Various types of intoleranceRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee, Fear, Gossip And Stereotyping1524 Words   |  7 Pagesfounded on prejudice are always susta ined with the greatest violence.† This cannot be closer to the truth, especially in regard to the treatment of black people in the United States during their fight for equality in the 1900’s. To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in Maycomb, Alabama during the early 1900’s. The story is told from Scout’s point of view and follows the lives of her, Jem her brother, Atticus their father, and their friend Dill. Atticus is a lawyer and is defending a black man, Tom RobinsonRead MoreTheme Of Marginalisation In To Kill A Mockingbird948 Words   |  4 Pagesthe themes and messages and be educated from their literature. Prejudice is defined as a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. The different forms of prejudice that will be analysed are racial, class and social, thus, leads to the citizens of Maycomb to marginalises characters and treat them as an insignificant. It is evident that many characters in this novel suffer from differen t types of prejudice, which creates a sense of marginalisation. Tom Robinson, MayellaRead MoreEssay on Jane Austens Pride And Prejudice1580 Words   |  7 PagesAn overly proud person looks down on people and as long as he looks down, he cannot see that which is above him. On the other hand, an individual with too little pride has an attitude of mediocrity and this hinders self-realization. Disproportionate pride blinds moral judgment, creates intolerance and deters relationships. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austin is a novel that portrays individual characters who demonstrate a lack of balance in the way they perceive themselves and as a result they createRead More Essay on Elizabeths Strength of Character in Pride and Prejudice1297 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeths Strength of Character in Pride and Prejudice  Ã‚        Ã‚   In her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen used the character of Elizabeth Bennet to epitomize the harmonious balance between reason and emotion in a woman, making her a truly admirable and attractive character.    Elizabeths strength of character is emphasized by its contrast with the weak, naive acceptance of Janes, the instability and excess of Mrs. Bennets and the blind, weak-willed following of Kittys. Her strengthRead More Austens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice1403 Words   |  6 PagesAustens Manipulation of the Readers Emotions Towards Characters in Pride and Prejudice In her novels, Jane Austen employs the timelessly effective characterization agents of dialogue, action, and point of view to cleverly manipulate the reader’s emotions towards the characters. Austen successfully creates heroins in a time that it was not social acceptable to think of women in a heroic role. She is so successful in applying these characterization techniques in her story lines that she Read MoreRacism and Its Deep Roots in US History1688 Words   |  7 PagesUS history, white Americans often viewed the other races (or coloreds) as inferior. Even though slavery had been abolished, laws and practices inhibited the fundamental rights African Americans were entitled to. Thus the mentality of racism and prejudice thoughts had persisted in people’s minds. The novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is set in Maycomb County, Alabama during the timeframe of the 1930s. Citizens of Maycomb County abide by a set of segregation laws and practices. Maycomb County

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Survey’s Burger King, Wendy’s, Mcdonalds Free Essays

Krystal Williams January 29, 2013 Intro to Marketing Marketing Strategies Assignment * McDonald’s * Wendy’s * Burger King 1. What age group is each targeting? * For McDonald’s the age group the restaurant is targeting will be from anywhere to 24-38 with children. * For Wendy’s the age group the restaurant is targeting the 24 to 49 year age group. We will write a custom essay sample on Survey’s Burger King, Wendy’s, Mcdonalds or any similar topic only for you Order Now * For Burger King the age group is targeting will be more for everyone from children up to the age of 50 year of age or older. 2. Do you agree with each one? Why/ or why not? Yes I do believe is the targeting rate for McDonald’s. McDonald’s is a family restaurant and the ideal place for kids and teenagers to go and sit down and eat. * Wendy’s is trying to give up on the fast food when it comes to the age group of 18-24 year olds. The chief executive Roland Smith said that â€Å"Wendy’s plan to target the 24-49 year age group. † I can kind of agree to what he is saying, because I don’t hardly hear people say I’m going to Wendy’s to grab something to eat, the main two restaurants I hear are McDonald’s and Burger King. Yes I do believe Burger King does target the age group from children to elder adults, because Burger King, because from my experience I see mostly everyone eating Burger King from children, to adults, and to elderly adults. 3. What changes in the technology environment have made it possible to YouTube to flourish? * YouTube can remind you of Google; when people want to look up something they just Google it. That is what YouTube is about. There are many viewers on YouTube uploading videos and watching videos. YouTube videos vary from music, movies, or how to do something. 4. How effective has YouTube between in distinguishing themselves from potential competitive? * YouTube corresponds to the mainstream media’s material to mass audiences. YouTube is controlled by viewers, listeners, and readers. 5. What technological changes maybe on the horizon that could cause problems for YouTube? * The two only changes I can see that can cause a problem to YouTube will be sooner or later there will be a surcharge to having a YouTube account just to upload videos. Or something bigger and better comes out that can out do YouTube, like Facebook did to MySpace. How to cite Survey’s Burger King, Wendy’s, Mcdonalds, Essay examples

Friday, December 13, 2019

Drug Testing Law Free Essays

Laws for the test of employees or job applicants for drug or alcohol abuse have evoked the consciousness of many since its inception in 1986 when President Ronald Reagan signed an Executive Order 12564, that prohibited all federal employees to refrain themselves from using illegal drugs, as a condition of federal employment. And then two years later, Congress passed the Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 which created federal Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing which was applied to executive agencies of the federal government, the uniformed services, and contractors or service providers under contract with the federal government. Although this Act was only applied to Federal governments yet states and Local Governments followed the suit. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Testing Law or any similar topic only for you Order Now    There is no doubt of the fact that Drug and Alcohol abuse by employees creates loss of billions of dollars each year and gives a great set back to the economy as a whole yet from the employees point of view it is a sheer violation of their personal rights, and its misuse is a cause of humiliation to several prospective employees. It is moral duty of the employers to check the menace of drug edicts in the work place but this moral policing disrupts Kant’s theology of Categorical imperative. Internationally,   the of drug testing in work place is covered in a Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 12 whereby it is declared that â€Å"No one should be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy†. The 1996 ILO Code of Practice on Management of alcohol and drug-related issues declares that the testing should be undertaken in accordance to national laws and practice.  The Guiding Principles of this   testing, which is mentioned in the Annex V of the Code of Practice, clearly emphasis on workers rights, employers rights, public rights and individual rights. Infact even in 2003,   the International Labor Organization reported that , â€Å"Drug testing in the workplace is an issue beset with technical, legal and ethical controversies.†(Legal Testing In Work Place, Last Change On Tuesday, 31st October 2006.) Even the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950 to guarantees the right to privacy, except â€Å"in the interest of national security, public safety or the economic well-being of the country, for the prevention of disorder and crime, for the protection of health and morals, or for the protection of the rights and freedoms of others† . In the European Union, In the European Directive 89/391/EEC on the introduction of encouraging in improvements in the safety and health of workers at work, applies according to Article 6 that the employer have a duty ensuring the safety and health of workers in every aspect related to the work, with Art.6(5) exonerating the workers from liability for financial cost.  Even in Artical 11 states that â€Å"Employers shall consult workers and/or their representatives and allow them to take part in discussions on all questions relating to safety and health at work†. In different countries there are different patterns for drug testing in the work place. Only Finland (2003), Ireland (2005) and Norway (2005) reports clearly and specifically addresses the issue of drug testing in the workplace.   Nevertheless, for different countries, there are different patterns/differences are visible. Kant believes that human beings plays a very important role in creation. Just merely passing the law does not the justify the action. The ordering of the use of drug in workplace is a system that cannot persuade moral action or regarded as bases for moral judgments, In his ‘Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals’ (1785) Kant gave us three versions of the Categorical Imperatives of all the moral commands are based: 1. ‘Act as if the maxim of your action was to become through your will a universal law of nature.’ In Christianity this simply means that ‘You treat others if you want others to treat you.’ (Matthew 7:12). But the question arises how it is connected to Compulsory drug testing in work place? The reason is simple, the compulsory drug testing is itself a derogatory and you are treating others in humiliating manner. â€Å"’Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but at the same time as an end.’ In this context it implies that drug testing is unfair, as the innocents who has never touched drugs all through the life have to face the testing which implies the test of urine. Humans are the most important factor in deciding what is moral or ethical and their suffering is never justified as a means to any end. 3. ‘So act as if you were through your maxims a law-making member of a kingdom of ends’ Before making or implementing any law, the rights of others should always be kept in mind. No one should involve himself or herself in Prisoner’s Dilemma i.e. nobody should just follow the selfish interests and others should also not become a puppet and gets stuck in the web of incredulous life.   The American Civil Liberties Union opposes indiscriminate urine testing (American Civil Liberties Union Briefing Paper Number 5 +—————————–+ DRU) The Kant theory says that human nature was fundamentally good and can understand and inherent in their character, the moral choices. It is immoral to take drug in Work places because it can be harmful to the company, but intruding into the privacy of the individual even if he or she is innocent which according to the company is an act of morality but amount to unethical behavior As the man was born in this world, he is carrying along generation to generation among others the characteristic or trait of what he called as Selfishness or selfish motive. And this trait is explicitly integrated in the theory Psychological egoism, which propounds that every person is in a possession of but one ultimate aim: her own welfare. All the activities that he does indirectly or directly are encircled around his or her own interest.   If you are doing something for your own sake that intricately involves your activity is benefiting yours and others and also must have desire to do the thing for your own sake. Desire is the most prerequisite thing for psychological egoism. If it is a desire to do certain things then the satisfaction of these desires is a part of your welfare. If I am helping others and here also your desire comes and is a part of welfare. In this case of drug testing, here the employers implies the drug testing for the welfare of others but it is his self interest or urge of profitability and maintaining morality in the work place that plays in the mind of the employers while imposing drug testing on employees. This is a law in itself but became a desire – a desire of employers. A bigger problem for psychological egoism is that some behavior does not seem to be explained by self-regarding desires. Say a soldier throws himself on a grenade to prevent others from being killed. It does not seem that the soldier is pursuing his perceived self-interest. It is plausible that, if asked, the soldier would have said that he threw himself on the grenade because he wanted to save the lives of others or because it was his duty. While this law is encircled with lot of criticism, the psychological egoist implies that what employer is doing is right. Though he is pursuing his own self-interest then also it is advocated that what he is doing is good for the Society as a whole. But he might is taking away the right of job to the deserving or qualified candidate, it is also possible that though he must he taking drugs in the past but has recently put an end to it. In this situation, you are deriving his or her fundamental right to live. This psychological egoist indicates that companies should adopt the method or procedures by propagating the welfare and profit that is attached to this law, and then implemented with the self-interest of the company, explaining all the positive effects to the people. In-fact, the law states that you don’t have to submit to drug testing if you don’t want to. That’s your right. But, the consequences might be the same if you failed to comply the drug testing, because then you will be considered guilty until you are proven innocent under the current program. Again, under municipal or state drug testing laws, an employer might have good cause to fire you, while potential employers might refuse to hire you. This drug testing may reduce drug-related problems, but it may not reduce the harm that the drugs caused in society. Indeed, this process increases the harm to those not deterred, by causing collateral harmful impacts on family members and others. Its desire impact on the Society is the decrease in employment opportunities for drug users, additionally it also creates economic problems for drug users and their families, and in turn the trauma that is caused due to unemployment again increases the chances of drug users towards more use of drugs to relieve from trauma and stress. For example, in 1990, 1.1 % of employed adults use the cocaine, whereas the rate for unemployed adults was 2.7%, National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1991. Thus the removal of drug use from the work place may not reduce the number of problem users but may actually increase it. REFERANCES 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Legal status of drug testing in the workplace, http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.Content;nNodeID=16901;sLanguageISO=EN, Last change: Tuesday, 31 October 2006 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Drug Testing in the Workplace, From the ‘Lectric Law Library’s stacks, http://www.lectlaw.com/files/emp02.htm 3.      Shaver Robert, (4th Nov. 2002), â€Å"Egoism†, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. How to cite Drug Testing Law, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Should Undocumented Immigrants Be Legal Example For Students

Should Undocumented Immigrants Be Legal? The 1982 Supreme Court decision in Plyler v. Doe guaranteed access to free public education for undocumented students. (Nguyen Martinez, 2015) The public debate that surrounds undocumented immigrants is often harsh and aggressive, predominately focusing on the economic burden on U.S. citizens and taxpayers. Economic arguments against undocumented immigration claim that undocumented families drain public resources and do not contribute to society. While there are costs associated with providing resources for a growing population at the local and state level, undocumented immigrants contribute more money in taxes than the cost of providing these services at the federal level as reported by the non-partisan Congressional Budget Office in 2007. (Becerra et al., 2012) The costs associated with providing education, health care, and social service programs such as reduced school lunch and other anti-poverty programs like SNAP and WIC account for only a small portion of a states budget. Providing education for undocumented immigrant children only constitutes for 3.3% of the total cost, $520-535 billion, spent annually to educate all children in the U.S. (Becerra et al., 2012) Every year about 65,000 undocumented high school students graduate and are unable to pursue higher education. (Nguyen Serna, 2014) In 2001 the DREAM act, Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors, was first introduced to the Senate and proposed a series of requirements that would allow undocumented immigrants in the U.S. a pathway to permanent residency. The first version of this bill intended to adjust the legal status of undocumented immigrants under the age of 35 who had graduated from a U.S. high school or completed a G.E.D. program, arrived before the age of 16, and had lived in the U.S. continuously five years prior to the bills passing. Those qualifying would be granted six years of temporary residency and could apply for permanent residency after two years of military service or higher education, having passed a background check and maintained good moral standing with the law. The term â€Å"dreamers† was given to undocumented students in pursuit of higher e ducation, and will from hereon be referred to as so. CITATION x3 This bill has since gone through many revisions and has been reintroduced to both the House of Representatives and the Senate but has yet to pass. This politic divide has stalled the process for a federal-level comprehensive immigration reform, forcing states to take it upon themselves to provide temporary relief for these students. Some states have made considerable progress allowing their undocumented students to pursue higher education at in-state resident tuition rates. In 2001 California was the first state to take action in favor of this opportunity. Although this does not solve all the financial issues undocumented students face, it does lower the cost barriers given that annual tuition cost for out of state students is often more than double that of an in-state student. Washington State also adapted its own version of the DREAM act, HB 1079, which provided the same opportunity and required a signed affidavit by students confirming they met all establish criteria. Universities throughout this state have integrated their own resources to better understand the needs of these students and guarantee their educational success. Conversely, some states have imposed laws and policies that have created additional obstacles for students, as if pursing higher education as a minority was not challenging enough. (but perhaps this facilitates drive for success) In 2006, Arizona took action and banned in-state tuition rates for undocumented students, still allowing them to attend college but at out of state rates (Diaz et al., 2011). Other states have not explicitly banned in-state tuition rates but instead require students to prove their legal status while others have disallowed enrollment by undocumented students entirely. It is clear that many states have dedicated the attention this matter requires resulting in legislation that is pro DREAMers. Even so, it has become evident that many potential DREAMers remain unaware of the opportunities becoming readily available to them. An example of this is the University of California, Berkley, where only 250 out of its over 250,000 undergraduates were undocumented, suggesting that this effort is not enough. (Nguyen Serna, 2014) A lack of community support and out reach for these students also widens the gap between them and their education. .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 , .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .postImageUrl , .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 , .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:hover , .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:visited , .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:active { border:0!important; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:active , .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053 .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u72bc8fa860c52ef54e51ccf53e142053:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Illegal Immigrants Have Migrated Into Theu.s For Many Years In 2012, the Obama administration authorized the immigration policy referred to as Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) in an attempt to provide temporary authorization to the estimated 1.4 million undocumented individuals residing in the United States. This program allows, for those who met the strict eligibility criteria, a renewable work permit, a social security number, and exemption from deportation. Since its implantation, DACA has provided about 500,000 undocumented youth, with many applications still pending, with the opportunity to live, work, and pursue higher education (Adams Boyne, 2015). It is important to know that DACA, although a huge progress in immigration reform, does not offer a pathway to citizenship or legalization (Warley, 2012). Lisa M. Martinez (2014) conducted in-depth interviews with undocumented individuals of collegiate age and of Latino origin about the impact the recent immigration reform had on their lives. Out of the 18-person sample size, 1 3 were attending a 4-year university, 3 had college degrees, and 2 were not attending college but planned to within the year. This study exposed the range of emotions these students experienced as a result of the DACA program. The overall findings reported that these students were optimistic of the opportunities this program could potentially offer to them (Warley, 2012). Given the small sample of this study the researcher was able to conduct personal, detailed interviews however it cannot be used to generalize a universal sentiment of this program. Although a study with a larger sample size suggested similar results in that the DACA program has temporarily provided relief and possibility of economic and social integration of undocumented people, it is still only a small representation of this population (Gonzales et al., 2014). In spite of all this legislative advancement, the pursuit of higher education and achieving residency have been addressed separately, and in doing so has resulted in inefficiently addressing all aspects of this matter. The first proposed DREAM act was the only one to address the issue of naturalization for undocumented students. It is undeniable that the pursuit of higher education and beyond runs parallel with acquiring citizenship, and although states have worked to alleviate the former, not having the security of residency inhibits students further. Pursuing higher education is a right, and allowing unauthorized students to do so at in-state tuition rates is only alleviating half the matter. Without having the ability to apply for jobs, loans, and financial aid, how do we assume these students, who already have an inclination towards higher poverty rates, pay for college? CITATION? By the time they get to college they have already over come so many hurdles, why should their future s be jeopardized even further. That is not to say that state legislation has not played in important role in this matter. Action taken at the state level has brought awareness and helped shape senate legislative policies. The perception that illegal aliens are responsible for all the economic turmoil and increased crime rates in America is so deeply rooted in a large percentage of public opinion that it has actually being used as a standpoint by politicians who in turn are influencing the very policies detrimental to our forward progress as a nation (Haddon, 2015). These opinions lack any significant empirical evidence and have lead to questionable practices, involving stereotyping and the invasion of privacy, by those in position of authority (Cleaveland, 2012). The inability of immigration policies to take in to account the holistic reasons of why migration occurs and how it impacts our nation socially and economically, results in an even greater gap between a country’s nat ional and foreign-born citizens. Political theorists have proposed that migration is effective at reducing poverty CITATION Oberman (2015) reports that there is evidence to support adapting a relatively open immigration policy by richer countries could be of significant aid to people living in the poorer countries as well as their own economies. Higher education is directly correlated to gaining successful entry into the work force. Therefore it is in better interest for policy makers to instill comprehensive immigration reforms that tackle all these issues and provide attainable, long-term relief for undocumented people. Continuing to ignore the fact that this country’s foundation lies in its immigrants is quite literally throwing away the educational and economic opportunities of the future generations. A study done on immigrant mental health (Ortega et al., 2000) compared immigrants from Mexico to Mexicans born in America and concluded that U.S. born Mexicans had a higher risk for developing psychiatric disorders than their immigrant counterpersons. These findings challenge the conclusions of this paper, but because these studies lacked a comparable population, its data does not give applicable results to this research. Another study conducted on mental disorders among Mexican immigrants living in the U.S., determined that immigrants had an overall higher lifetime prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders (Breslau et al., 2007). In order to quantify its validity, this study compared psychiatric risk in Mexican immigrants living in the U.S. to a sample population of Mexicans living in Mexico, concluding that immigration was significantly and positively related to the subsequent onset of these disorders. Age of immigration and duration of residence were also contributing factors. The sample size in this study was relatively small due to the represented being limited to English speaking Mexicans. Gathering information from a larger, more inclusive popula tion, would reinforce these results. Deisenhammer et al. (2012) also found that migrants from Europe had a generally higher rate of depression than their counterparts without a history of migration. This is consistent with the findings that immigration has a significant impact on the mental health of those leaving their home countries. Ethnic and cultural factors have also been recognized as having a great impact on the prevalence of mental disorders amongst immigrant populations. Medical professionals having to attend to patients from different ethnic and racial backgrounds often have a hard time understanding and diagnosing mental illness as a result as of those differences (Deisenhammer et al., 2012). The differences are also associated with the

Number the Stars Book free essay sample

NaziGermanyEssayAnna Wall 2/6/13 block 3 *To introduce what I am writing about I will start off by saying I have chosen some interesting facts to compare between the books number the stars and the movie miracle at midnight. They are both about Jews trying to get away from the Nazis. I will compare the Star of David necklace in both of them also the family members and there characteristics. First I will compare the Star of David necklace because in the book the Star of David necklace belongs to Ellen and she had it hidden in the trunk with all of lise’s old stuff. So if Nazis searched there houses then they will not look at nor see the Star of David necklace because it was very well hidden in the trunk. In the movie Hannah had the Star of David necklace and when she was packing up to run away to Sweden. We will write a custom essay sample on Number the Stars Book or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She had accidentally dropped it and the Nazis searched Mr. and Mrs. Koster’s house because they think they were holding Jews from them. Which they were) So the Nazis searched the upstairs bedroom that they thought was a lean in closet so they went in and the mom (Doris) spotted out the Star of David necklace when the Nazis were not looking Elsa stepped on it and when he left she put it in her dolls shirt for safe keeping. *Second I will compare the characteristics of mrs. johanson to the characteristics of mrs. Koster In the book she did want to help the Jews hide in the upstairs rooms and in the movie she did want to help hide Jews upstairs. *In the book Henrik was the uncle of the little girls and in the movie Henrik was the big brother of Elsa .

Thursday, November 28, 2019

Genetic Screening Essays - Medical Genetics,

Genetic Screening Genetic screening, also known as preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), is a newly emerging technology that has brought with it much controversy. PGD involves the in vitro fertilization of an embryo. ?The embryos are allowed to develop to a 6 to 10 cell stage, at which point one of the embryonic cells is removed from each embryo and the cellular DNA is analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities or genetic mutations? (Botkin, 1998). In doing this, it can be determined which embryos will be most likely to implant and germinate successfully in the uterus. PGD is a complicated, technologically sophisticated process. It is a union of in vetro fertilization technology and molecular biology (Botkin, 1998). Though it has numerous positive attributes, there are equally as many negative ones. In fact, this issue is one that has recently become the subject of many heated debates. Proponents for the use of PGD assert that this test allows for parents with fertility problems to maximize their opportunity for conception and birth. Their adversaries argue that this process is morally questionable, and though it is seen as safe alternative to abortion couples can experience the same psychological effects as if they were dealing with an actual abortion (Botkin, 1998). Obviously, this is an issue that does not have one distinct answer. Each opposing side has raised some poignant arguments. Those who are in favor of PGD generally use the arguments that it allows for the transmission of human genetic diseases to be reduced (McClure and Tasca, 1998). Before the usage of PGD the only other way to determine the existence of genetic diseases was by the use of prenatal diagnosis in the form of amniocentesis or chronic villus sampling (CVS). Currently, CVS can only be performed in the ninth to eleventh week of pregnancy, and amniocentesis can be performed in fifteenth to eighteenth week (McClure and Tasca, 1998). At this point, the fetus is developing within the uterus. Discovery of any abnormalities would pose the parents of the fetus with a difficult decision. They either continue a pregnancy that will result in a genetically defected child or abort the fetus. This is where PGD allows for what some would say an easier option. Because PGD is a pre- pregnancy test, abnormalities can be detected prior to the embryo ever being inserted into the mother. Currently, there are several diseases that PGD can detect such as Cystic Fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Fragile X Syndrome, and Down Syndrome (McClure and Tasca, 1998). These are only a few of the diseases that can be detected but as the knowledge concerning human DNA increases there will be more detectable diseases. In addition to disease detection, PGD can also detect the gender of an embryo which can enable the determination of the existence of sex-linked disease or a sex chromosome imbalance (McClure and Tasca, 1998). Another of PGD's benefits is its ability to assist women over the age of thirty-five to successfully conceive. From this age group 50 percent of the embryos are chromosomally abnormal (McClure and Tasca, 1998). For these women, PGD drastically increases the odds for a successful pregnancy while the odds for miscarriage are reduced (McClure and Tasca, 1998). PGD also has promising outlook in cancer research. In the same manner that PGD detects single gene defects in embryo tests, it could do the same for polygenic diseases such as cancer (Yates, 1996). Experiments with genetic screening have been done concerning Tay-Sachs disease .The outcome of this research indicated that PGD has the potential to be extremely beneficial. Tay-Sachs disease affects 1 in 3600 Ashkensasi Jews, couples who were at risk for transmission of this disease to their offspring were genetically screened ( Robbers, 1990) . As a result of the screening, the number of children who were born with Tay-Sachs disease dropped from 50 in 100 in 1970 to 13 in 100 in 1980 ( Roberts, 1990). Due to the positive results from genetic screening, it is becoming somewhat more popular and accepted. In a survey done by Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, a group of people were surveyed to determine their likelihood to undergo genetic screening given their family history concerning colon cancer (Henderson, 1999). Those who had a significant family history of colon cancer as well as those who did not were eager to undergo gene testing (Henderson, 1999). At this point, genetic screening has begun with a good track record. Most of those who have used it or heard about it

India Since 1900

Monday, November 25, 2019

How to Volunteer at an Animal Shelter

How to Volunteer at an Animal Shelter SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Love animals? Thinking about a career as a veterinarian? Or maybe you're just hoping to play with animals? Volunteering at an animal shelter can be a great experience. How can you become an animal shelter volunteer? What will you do as a volunteer? Are there alternative experiences? This guide will answer all those questions and more, so read on! What to Expect as an Animal Shelter Volunteer While volunteering at an animal shelter can be a great experience, it's not going to be fun and games all the time.You willget to play with animals, but that will not be your only responsibility.You’ll likely also be cleaning up after them, sweeping, mopping, filling water and food bowls, tidying litter boxes, washing towels, etc. After all of these things are done, you'll have a chance toplay with the animals. It's going to be work first, and then fun. You’ll likely also have to deal with some customer servicework such asanswering phone calls and responding toadoptionquestions. Depending on the shelter where you work, you may be assigned a specific "job." These jobs include: Adoption Liaison:Assist potential adopters through the process of adoption (meeting animals, filling out paperwork, etc.). Kennel Assistant (sometimes dog or cat specific): Clean the kennel, feed the animals, and provide walks/exercise for the animals. Training Class Assistant:Helprunthe dog training classes offered by the shelter (if applicable). Surgery Support Volunteer:Stay with the animals as they wake up from surgery. Make sure pet owners have all the information they need for post-surgery care. Animal Transport Volunteer:Driveanimals between the shelter and clinic. NOTE:Some shelters require you be 18 years or older to do certain jobs such as animal transport. On top of the menial tasks you may have to do as an animal shelter volunteer, you’ll also likely deal with some sadness.Youmayget attached to animals who end up adopted, and if you work at a kill shelter, you might also get attached to animals that end up euthanized.It’s not always an easy job, so make sure you take all of this into consideration before committing to volunteering at an animal shelter. WhatArethe Requirements for Being an Animal Shelter Volunteer? Most shelters only allow volunteers aged 16 and older.Check your local shelter to find out their age requirement (I’ll get into how to locate a shelter below).If you’re under 16 and want to volunteer, see if they’ll make an exception.They may also let you volunteer if your legal guardian signs off on it or if your legal guardian volunteers with you. Most shelters make you commit to at least a few months of volunteering, if not a full year.These shelters spend time and money training their volunteers, so they want to make sure you’re committed. Atyour trainingororientation, you'll learn the rules of volunteering, sign paperwork (release forms), and get a tour of the facilities along with instructions on how to do your volunteer "job." On top of a commitment to a length of time, you usually also have to commit to at least one shift every other week. Shifts range from 2-4 hours depending on the shelter. Some shelters have physical requirements too (since you might be dealing with large animals and lifting things).They mayrequire you to be physically fit enough to stand and or walk for up to 3 hours and be able to lift and carry 20 lbs or more.They also may require you to be able to tolerate loud sounds and bad odors. Again, contact your local shelter or humane society to ask about their specific volunteer requirements.Learn how to find their contact informationin the next section How to Find a Volunteering OpportunityNear You Finding an animal shelternear you should be as simple as conducting a Google Search for â€Å"[Your Town Name] Animal Shelter† or â€Å"[Your Town Name] Animal Rescue† or â€Å"[Your Town Name] Humane Society.†That should lead you to thewebsite for an animal shelter or, at least, the contact information for an animal shelter near you. If you’re able to locate a specific animal shelter website, look for a volunteer page.On the volunteer page, shelters usually list a contact person for potential volunteers. Reach out to that person to get started as a volunteer.Other shelters have online applications for potential volunteers. Fill one out to get started. If you’re unable to find a website, use whatever contact information you can find through Google to get in touch with someone (whether through phone or email) who works at the shelter andask about volunteering. Don’t be surprised if it takes you a while to get a response about volunteering or if a shelter tells you they don’t need volunteers right now. Volunteering at animal shelters can be very popular, and someshelters already have a lot of volunteers and don’t need more help.You maybe able to be put on a volunteer waitlist. However, if that's not an option,try to approach the next closest shelter in your area. The Good and Bad of Volunteering at an Animal Shelter How is volunteering at an animal shelter different than other volunteer work?You get to work with animals and meet like-minded animal lovers! It's a great way to make friends and spend time with cuddly critters. You also get to help lonely animals. You get to play with them, make sure they live in a clean environment, and help them find loving homes. You'll help guide people on their path to finding their dream pet. It's challenging work, but it can also be a rewarding process. Are you interested in potentially becoming a veterinarian or doing other work with animals? Volunteeringat a humane society will allow you to test out whetheryou’d like to pursue a career working with animals.Working as a shelter volunteer, you'll learn so much about what it takes to take care of animals. You'll learn how hard it is, how rewarding it is, and how sad it can be. By the end of your volunteer experience, you should have a good understanding of whether it's the work you want to do. Volunteering at an animal shelter can also be a great experience for your college application. Here at PrepScholar, we often recommend you try to be an expert in one field rather than well-rounded. Colleges want students who're experts in something.If your passion is animals, or something similar, working at an animal shelterwill look great on your application. Make sure you complement your animal shelter volunteer work with other animal-related experiences(i.e. hosting a fundraiser to build a dog park or gathering signatures to add an animal to the endangered species list). Additionally, many extracurricular experiences cost money (such asvolunteer abroad programs). Volunteering is a free extracurricular experience that won't cost you anything other than your time. I highly recommend engaging in volunteer work even if you ultimately decide an animal shelter is not the right place for you. Keep in mind that, as I said before, volunteer work is not all fun. You'll have to do menial work such as cleaning up after the animals beforeyou can play with them. Additionally, if you work at a kill shelter, you might getattached to animals who get adopted or euthanized.If you’re interested in working with animals (but don’t want to or can't work at an animal shelter), you could try some similar alternatives. Check out the next section for ideas. Alternatives to Volunteering at an Animal Shelter If you don’t have the time to commit to working at a shelter, consider job shadowing a veterinarian for a day or two.Job shadowing is a great, quick way to learn more about veterinary work. Another alternative isfostering an animal if youhave space at your house (and yourparents allow it).However, fostering is a big commitment, so make sure that you and your family have the time to dedicate to caring for the animal you foster. If you need to make money and don’t have the time to volunteer for free, consider trying to get a job as a dog walker or pet sitter.If you live in a major metropolitan area (NY, LA, Seattle, etc.), there is a dog walking app called Wag, where you can set your own hours to walk dogs. Consider checking it out! If you’re interested in medicine in general (and not just working with animals), consider doing a summer medical program, summer medical internship, volunteering at a hospital, or job shadowing a doctor.Read our other article on Medical Experiences for High School Students for more details (Coming soon!). What’s Next? If you’re a high school student looking for an extracurricular activity, learn about Model UN and how to join your high school newspaper. Looking for something to do this summer? You should check out the Emory Pre-College Program and the Boston University Summer Challenge. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

How to make a great impression in less than 3 minutes

How to make a great impression  in less than 3 minutes We’ve all been in this unfortunate situation: you’re walking around at work or elsewhere and unexpectedly run into your boss or some other influential person in your life and you’re†¦completely speechless. You’re caught totally off-guard, your mind goes blank, and you can’t think of a single thing to do or say- and even worse, it’s obvious that you’re in full panic mode, which only makes things worse. It’s a total nightmare, only you’re not asleep. The only thing left to do after this happens is to just walk away licking your wounds, hoping that you’ll figure out some way to erase this moment from ever having happened- and good luck with that!Although you can’t magically erase awful past encounters, the good news is that you can do a lot to make sure that they don’t happen again! In fact, we’ll show you how to make a great impression in any encounter- in just a few minutes or less.Have we got your attention? Great- then keep reading.Plan in advance.It may sound silly to plan encounters in advance, but you’ll thank me later when you start making great impressions on everyone you encounter. Each day, while you’re getting ready in the morning, think of a few topics of conversation that you can keep â€Å"pre-loaded†- everything from local news to sports or the weather is fair game. A harmless (but funny!) joke or two couldn’t hurt either, as long as you avoid anything offensive. Have a few different pleasant conversation starters â€Å"in the can,† so you can pick and choose which you use based on your audience.As the day progresses, feel free to tailor your conversation starters based on events that occur. We know this might sound weird, but you’d be surprised by how many people take advantage of this strategy to ensure that the only impressions they make are positive ones. Use it and you won’t get caught flat-footed wit h nothing to say should you run into someone unexpectedly.Pay attention to your body language.When you’re seeking to make a great impression on someone, what you say isn’t the only thing that matters- how you say it is just as important. Are you confident, clear, and friendly or are you tentative, awkward, and eager to break contact as soon as possible? Is your voice steady or wavering? Do you stand confident and tall or do you shift nervously and slouch? Do you make the appropriate amount of eye contact- not too much but not too little (some experts say that 5 seconds is a good amount of â€Å"eye time† before looking away and returning)- or do you avoid it like a cold?All of these things make up your social body language, and will factor greatly in the overall impression others have of you during social encounters. So, take some time to practice and make sure your body language is in top shape. Here’s where a trusted friend or family member can help you with some valuable practice. Or, try using a mirror to brush up on your body language skills, giving yourself honest feedback. Trust us, this is time well spent.Present yourself as a polished package.With some great conversation starters and impeccable body language, you’re well on your way to making great impressions on others. But there are a few more things that factor into your â€Å"overall impression package.† This includes the extras- your clothes and grooming.Always be mindful of the extras when you step out of your front door- you never know who you’ll run into and no one ever got upset that they made too good of an impression by spending a little extra time dressing well and minding all the details of their grooming routine. This is especially true when you’re expecting to run into people that you really want to make a good impression on- like at work or on interviews.We know, in a perfect world it wouldn’t matter what you wear or how yo u look, but it’s not a perfect world and we all judge books by their covers, so make sure you’re always mindful of the extras if you want to make a good impression.Don’t forget the secret ingredient.Ok, so your conversation game is tight, you’ve been working on your body language, and your clothes and grooming are sharp- are you totally ready to make great impressions no matter what situations you encounter? Not so fast- you’re close, but there’s one more â€Å"secret ingredient† that we hope is not so secret to you when you’re looking to make good impressions- be a good listener!The truth is, this is an absolutely essential component if you’re looking to make a great first impression. In fact, utilizing the other strategies listed here without deploying good listening skills may completely backfire and make you seem phony, self-absorbed, or artificial.Good listening skills just takes a little practice. When talking with other people, really work to pay attention to what they’re saying. Show interest in a conversation by nodding and using appropriate facial expressions based on what’s being said (don’t smile and laugh if someone’s telling you about their cat’s broken leg!). You’ll earn extra bonus interest points if you ask questions about what they’re saying. Even better? Turn the focus of the conversation on what the other person is talking about. Who doesn’t feel special when their interests are placed at the center of attention? Bottom line: great listeners make great impressions and you can count on people looking forward to interacting with you again.You can start utilizing the strategies mentioned here immediately, and if you do it won’t take a lot of time to start making great impressions. In fact, even quick encounters that last just a few seconds or minutes will become easy opportunities to make positive, lasting impressions!

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 155

Discussion - Essay Example As echoed in history, the president while at the University wrote vast books that talked about race relations after Random House awarded him a contract. Later on, he directed the Illinois Project Vote, which saw a large turnout of the blacks. Further, the rise of the powerful yet social President took the center stage that accentuated him to power. Indeed, Obama is a professional and socially intelligent leader. Leaders are often thought to guide and influence the lives of the others in a positive way (Larson & Paulino, 2014). The incumbent president of the US demonstrates the features of a real leader. He is not only professional but also socially acknowledge throughout the world. For instance, he is familiar with the latest greeting style that he shares with the youths in Jamaica at the University of the West Indies Kingston. In addition, from his early life, Obama demonstrated his professional and social capacities by influencing and organizing the residents of Altgeld Gardens to fight for their rights. Additionally, this noble characteristic featured when he led the Illinois Project Vote that influenced a massive voter turnout. Further, it is evident from his first election as the president of Harvard Law School where he could demonstrate that can deliver despite being a black among the whites. Therefore, the president reveals strong professional and social characteristics that embody h im as a true leader and intelligent

Identifying a problem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Identifying a problem - Assignment Example According to various research based articles that describes qualitative, descriptive as well as longitudinal analysis of obesity problem, the major causes of obesity include heavy smoking, poor eating habits and lack of body weight management strategies (Marchiondo, 2014). A number of statistical information also indicates that obesity is one of the leading disorders resulting into many death cases in many communities in the United States (Weiss, Weisser, & Salario, 2014). This is due to the fact that, one of the major problems affecting older nurses currently is the problem of obesity. Despite this, there are various interventions that can help in reducing the problem among the nurses (Marchiondo, 2014). A number of research studies also indicate that nurse’s proper regular exercise and healthy living lifestyle practices are very effective in controlling, reducing as well as preventing obesity and overweight cases among patients (Marchiondo, 2014). In that sense, those who involve in regular exercise are less likely to be affected by overweight as compared to those who lacked the motivation to involve in regular exercises and healthy living styles (Marchiondo, 2014). It is also important that those who are affected by obesity to involve in proper sleeping habits as well as healthy eating habits reduce the chances of obesity and overweight among them (Newman, 2009). Therefore, this paper will mainly discuss the problem of obesity increase and overweight challenges in various clinical conditions and environments in health care system industry in United States. The paper will also provide various impacts of obesity in relation to patient’s health care safety system. Finally, the paper will discuss a number of solutions that can be used to reduce the problem of obesity among health workers such as nurses in clinical institutions in the United States. The problem of obesity and overweight mainly originates from poor healthy habits resulting

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Respiratory Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Respiratory Protection - Essay Example (OSHA, 2011) However the kind of respiratory protection required for each situation is different and should be used accordingly to ensure maximum damage protection. Sanding Fiberglass in Open Air Fiberglass is used extensively in applications relating to HVAC (for ductwork and acoustical control) as well as structural components such as cooling tower stacks. Fiberglass may need to be grinded once it has set into place for adjustments or for modifications. The grinding produces fiberglass dust that is more dangerous than fiberglass fibers. The size of the dust particles is smaller than the fibers so they can be transported quicker to the lungs. Given the situation that grinding is taking place in an open environment it can be assumed that the oxygen levels pose no serious concerns. The only real danger emerges from the inhalation of the fiber glass dust produced by grinding. Fiberglass dust protection is offered by using NIOSH approved N95 respirators. The use of either half face or f ull face piece respirators should be done after an assessment form EHIS to determine if the personnel should be placed in a complete respiratory protection program. (EHIS, 2011) The NIOSH N95 respirators block out fiberglass and other small dust particles and offer a breathing system that extracts ambient air and filters it before inhalation. Nitrogen Leakage in Confined Area Nitrogen is not poisonous but presents a significant hazard when it is mixed with breathing air. In the provided situation the nitrogen leaking from the tubes would mix up with ambient air around the leakage. The mixing of nitrogen with ambient air would cause a decrease in the overall oxygen concentration and this would lead to asphyxiation. In the worst case scenario, the person undergoing such asphyxiation could die too. Moreover the working environment is confined so the already present nitrogen leakage would have already diluted the oxygen present in the working environment. The oxygen levels should be che cked for the confined space to determine the kind of protection required. Two distinct options are available to protect respiration using ASRs. (OSHA, 2011) One could be the use of SCBA and the other could be the use of supplied air respirators. The use of SCBA would be overkill as the atmosphere in the confined environment does not contain a poisonous material such as ammonia. Therefore it would be best to use a supplied air respirator using plant air as a supply. Spray of Hazardous Materials in Open Environment When hazardous materials are available in a working environment there is a constant need to protect the skin as well as the respiration of the personnel involved. In these circumstances, APRs are used in order to purify the incoming breathing supply. In order to offer protection against hazardous materials it is necessary to use full face protection. Moreover the amount of oxygen available in the environment also plays a major role in deciding the kind of respiratory protec tion to be used. In the given situation, the oxygen levels are reported at greater than 19.5% which means that oxygen supply (such as through plant air) would not be required. Instead the protection required would require APRs to purify the incoming air supply to the personnel. Furthermore the PEL for each material has been crossed but the IDLH values have not been exceeded as yet. In case of hydrochloric acid the PEL is 50 ppm and in case it is exceeded, the use of a NIOSH approved respirator with a

Opreating management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Opreating management - Assignment Example hin the business, the work role and responsibilities of the operations department is deemed to impose considerable impact upon business in any industry sector. Notably, operations management can be defined as form of management approach which deals with the aspect of designing along with controlling the production procedures within a business. It is apparent that operations management is regarded as one of the most significant sections of a business in the modern day context. It will not be ambiguous to depict that success or failure of any business in the present day context is immensely dependent on the efficiency of its operational domain (Bamford & Forrester, 2010). This particular discussion will outline the operations management process of a particular company i.e. McDonalds operating in the Lincoln Street of UK. It is evident that McDonalds is amid the most successful brands in the global fast food industry and its operations are spread worldwide. The company has a long historical background associated with it. The company has always been keen towards strengthening its manufacturing and logistic process. The operations of the company in the UK region have been considered quite successful owing to the efficient supply and operating network of the company throughout the country (Bamford & Forrester, 2010).. However, this particular assignment will mainly focus on depicting the operations management process of the company operating in the location of Lincoln Street. A transformation model is a particular framework that helps the management of business to comprehend the current scenario of the business and mitigate any fault or weaknesses existing thereon (The Center for Organizational Design, 2012). The model intends towards reducing the complexity for companies in business decision making. This aspect also corresponds with the scenario of the operations of McDonalds operating in the Lincoln Street of UK. Similar to other branches of McDonald’s, this unit

Monday, November 18, 2019

Healthy Grief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Healthy Grief - Essay Example The positive attitude develops as a result of someone acknowledging that the departed person or item is irreversible. The acknowledgment will help a person to act a near normal in case of departure. The positive attitude towards grief is what the psychologists refers to as a healthy grief. There are five stages that are involved when helping a bereaved person to recover from the grief. The grieving process established by Kubler-Ross projects some reactions that Job underwent in his life that is described in the Bible. The denial stage is the beginning point of the healing process. At this stage, the bereaved person will want to deny his or her real situation that he or she is facing (Kubler-Ross, 1969, p. 140). In other words, as the term denial suggests, the person will want to focus on other issues in order to feel like he or she is acting on the normal life. Drawing the perspective from the biblical account of Job, after all his children and animals died, he acted as though there was nothing happened to him. He preferred to suggest that all he had was given to him by God and if he had decided to take it back; he had no other measure to deal with the situation. The second stage that forms part of Kubler-Ross grief process is that of anger (Kubler-Ross, 1969). Shortly after the denial process, the bereaved person will come to the reality that he or she has lost a dear one or a property that is so valuable. There is an increase of emotional pain that affect the bereaved person (Nithyananda, 2007, p. 175). The person begins to be troubled by questions regarding the cause of the loss. For example, you will hear people asking, why did this happened to me? The power of anger in manifested in many ways and blames will arise towards himself and to others. In the Biblical story of Job, we see him having anger in the way he tore his clothes and went into the road and stayed without food. The only thing he did was to sit on the road

Psychological Treatment of Culturally Diverse Populations Research Paper

Psychological Treatment of Culturally Diverse Populations - Research Paper Example In contrast in 2000, the numbers fell down to 69%. The U.S. Census Bureau foresees that racial/ethnic minorities will constitute a numeric majority by the year 2050. However, other private researches made by the Council of National Psychological Associations for the Advancement of Ethnic Minority Interests (2000) anticipate that this demographic transformation will take place sooner. The following 2000 U.S. Census figures will provide us with an overall idea on some minority groups. The U.S. Census Bureau reported several conclusions on the bases of these statistics. Most importantly, they consider that it is impossible for the mental health clinician not to meet clients who differ in regards to race, ethnicity, and culture. Secondly, what is defined as therapy can vary considerably from the traditional understanding of the mental health professional. And last but not least, mental health workers have to become culturally competent in order to meet the needs of their clients. Attention to diversity and cultural competence and awareness are of great importance for the U.S. society since it has become increasingly diverse. In this paper I will focus my attention on ethical practice with patience from different cultural, ethnic and racial background. I will also concentrate on some recommendations for the psychological treatment of Mexican-American population. The American Psychologica... Guidelines for Providers of Psychological Services to Ethnic, Linguistic and Culturally Diverse Populations (APA, 1993) suggest comprehensible counseling and flexible perspectives for working with such individuals. It is of great importance that each psychologist remains sensitive to diversity issues and possesses general knowledge about the groups that seek mental health treatment. The American Psychological Association Ethics Code (APA, 1992) requires that psychologists are aware of "cultural, individual, and role differences" and "accord appropriate respect to the fundamental rights, dignity, and worth or all people (Principle D: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity, p. 1599)." Further, the psychologists are instructed by the APA Ethics Code (1992) to acquire the necessary training if he is to work with individuals of diverse background. Having the knowledge about the client's culture will aid the therapist to incorporate into the mental health treatment traditional spiritual and healing customs and will reinforce the partnership between the therapist and the patient. Aviera (2002) reports on multiple occasions when disclosing personal details "helps the Latino client feel that the therapist is a caring and real person (p.18)." Familiarity with one's culture, openness and genuineness of human interactions are of prime significance if the psychologist aims to work effectively with culturally diverse client. According to the numbers provided by the 2000 U.S. Census over 35 million identify themselves as Hispanic, which approximately makes 13 % of the total U.S. population. The majority 58.5% are of Mexican origin. Barona (2003) reports that "many ancestors of present-day Mexican Americans resided on this land when national borders were established more than

Friday, November 15, 2019

Impact of the Internet on Developing Countries

Impact of the Internet on Developing Countries Abstract The Internet has completely changed the information management scene in developed countries. It has improved the communication systems and has developed user-friendly environments for information sharing and exchange. The benefits of the Internet in developed countries have inspired the developing countries to develop the Internet and use it to their benefit. The Internet is now changing the information practices in various sectors in developing countries. The impact of the Internet has caused developing countries to modify traditional methods of conducting information business by setting up new sources of information and new methods of communication on a global basis. The Internet has helped the developing countries to take advantage of access to global sources of information in order to improve their economic markets. In this paper we will discuss the evolution of the Internet along with the atmosphere, which initiated the growth of the Internet in developing countries. We will touch upon the constraints involved in promoting Internet growth, the models used to enhance Internet growth, the areas benefited by the Internet and the future of Internet in developing countries. We have focused our discussion on the impact of the Internet on the two most populous developing countries, India and China. Introduction In todays world where globalization is inevitable if you want to succeed, the Internet is your only respite. The Internet has revolutionized information technology and made information access across boundaries very easy. It has spread in all spheres of life and you cannot think of life without the Internet. Come to think of it, how did the Internet evolve and how did it become such an essential part of our lives? The Internet has created competition by bringing many international and indigenous information technology vendors on to the same platform and has raised the standards of quality of services. Even though the Internet has its advantages, the developing countries are facing a lot of issues in using it to achieve maximum benefits. Some concerns are related to the infrastructure costs, language and cultural barriers, political barriers and economic costs. If the issues related to the growth of the Internet can be tackled, there would be phenomenal growth in the economy of the developing countries due to the benefits of the Internet. Statement of Purpose The three major aspects involved in the overall development of a country are economic, political and social. As it is evident from the success of the Internet in developed countries, and will be clear from the examples stated in the paper, we can see that the Internet plays a very important role in all these aspects. It is evident from the extent of usage of the Internet in our daily lives that it has and will continue to change the way we live. How it has changed, and how it will continue to change our lives, is the reason for discussion on the topic of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Impact of the Internet in Developing Countriesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . We are discussing the impact of the Internet specifically on developing countries because the awareness and number of users of the Internet is still growing. As compared to the number of users of the Internet, the effect of the benefits of the Internet has been phenomenal. Evolution of the Internet The idea of the Internet originated about 25 years ago at the US Defense Department Advanced research Projects Agency (ARPA), to keep track of data through computer hardware and software. The Internet is now a complex web of networks connected with high-speed links cutting across countries. There are no set boundaries for the Internet in cyberspace. Recent statistics show 50,000 networks in more than 100 countries with more than 50 million users (MIDS press release). It is estimated that the rate of growth in Internet use is around 20 per cent a month. Currently the Internet is not proprietary and is available to anyone with computer access connected to the external world. Since the USA launched the information superhighway in 1994, the Internet has come to play an ever-increasing role in the vast information market in many countries. Malaysias Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohammed, once said: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“It can be no accident that there is today no wealthy developed country that is information poor, and no information rich country that is poor and underdevelopedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This statement emphasizes the importance of the Internet for developing countries. From an international perspective access to and use of the Internet is unbalanced; there are obvious gaps between developed and developing countries in terms of the numbers of nets, hosts and users. Information Environment in Developing Countries China and India have the highest population among the developing countries. With the vast population, the market for the Internet in these countries is huge. Both India and China are information-rich countries with a long tradition of learning and applying their knowledge. Both countries have had phenomenal growth economically and are utilizing information technology and information management for the same. The reduction in the price of personal computers and the multimedia influx only accelerated the growth in Internet usage. For countries with vast information centers, the Internet proves to be the most valuable resource. Chinese general information systems are divided into six categories: (1) Information centers affiliated with the National Scientific and Technical Commission (2) Information centers belonging to central government ministries (3) Information centers of a provincial nature (4) Information centers of a specialized nature affiliated to regional governments (5) Information centers affiliated with state enterprises, universities and other research institutions (6) Information centers of non-governmental, regional, professional and similar bodies In India, at the national level the main sources of information include: (1) Various line ministries; (2) The Central Statistical Organization (CSO) (3) The National Sample Survey Organization (4) The Registrar-General of India (RGI) (5) The National Information Center (NIC) (6) The Center for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) (7) The Federation of India Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) (8) Tata Energy Research Institution (9) The Center for Science and Environment Given such huge information centers in both countries, the public need for the Internet and its potential are vast. Areas of concern in Developing Countries Three major areas of concern about the Internet in developing countries are: (1) National information policy (2) Regulatory framework and information infrastructure (3) Proper education and training National information policy Awareness of various information sources in developing countries is limited to oral form. Awareness in print is negligible. The national information policies in developing countries concentrate on trade, international relations, national security and technology, but they barely concentrate on electronic access of information through the Internet to achieve maximum benefits. For rapid economic growth, official documents of developing countries should include high priority plans to implement electronic information delivery systems. National policy documents, like five-year plans, should contain policy statements and should be implemented on time. Sufficient funding should be available during planning and implementation phases of electronic information access models. Regulatory framework and information infrastructure Developing countries have a regulatory framework in place, which makes protection of investment, intellectual property and individual privacy compulsory in the information market. Developing countries have legal frameworks in place, which deals with private sector involvement, skilled human resources, standards and implementation. Regulatory frameworks for information do not exist. Even though information technology and telecommunications have made a way into all the markets in a developed country, in developing countries, information technology is still seen only as a means to support information management systems, finance and accounting facilities and data processing. As compared to the population numbers, the per capita penetration of computers in both India and China in the area of small office/home office (SOHO) is very insignificant. Telecommunications has also not yet picked up in India and China. If the information infrastructure were to cover the wide Indian and Chinese markets, and if technology was used for global access to information through the Internet, there would be a phenomenal economic growth in these countries. Both the countries need to urgently address the awareness of the Internet and its importance for policy makers at the political level. Proper education and training As in developed countries, workforces in developing countries are also adopting knowledge-based methodologies rather than labor intensive ones. Surveys have shown that Internet use is associated with higher education in developed countries. The same applies to developing countries. Literacy rates in developing countries needs to be improved to a great extent. The governments, central, state and local and learning institutions and civic associations should take responsibility and should work together to raise the literacy levels in developing countries. Information professionals should be trained on priority. Trained information professionals can make better use of the Internet and will be more efficient in acquiring, organizing and propagating information. Developing countries are often concerned about preserving language and culture heritage and supporting political systems. They are weary of foreign economic formats. Thus, proper trainings and seminars for information professionals is a must. These trained professionals can help educate the masses and can take advantage of the benefits of the Internet. This would help in sharing of knowledge through cyberspace and would help in increasing the value of the global information sector. The Internet will support development in the following ways: * Assess the information capacity of the country and determine the needs of users, organize and synthesize information and provide access to internal and external information * Disseminate information to meet the public needs and private sectors and the daily information needs of the general public The governments role in utilizing the Internet is very critical. It influences the appropriate use of the Internet for social and economic change in the shift from labor-intensive production to knowledge based information industries. Also, it reveals the market to a strong private information sector by defining public and private sector relationships. In order to destroy monopolies and encourage competition among international and indigenous vendors, it redefines telecommunication policies. Internet Growth in India Internet service in India started in 1994 with government being the monopoly provider. Service was costly and unreliable and by 1996 there were only 4,000 subscribers nationwide. In 1998, the ISP market was deregulated. By 2000, there were 225 ISPs (India Infoline 2001) and prices had dropped 60%. PC prices also dropped significantly owing to lowering of import duties. The subscriber base then grew rapidly, reaching 1.8 million in January 2001. E-mail and chat are the most popular applications (Natarajan 1999). E-commerce is yet to find wide acceptance but is expected to touch $2.3 billion by 2002 (Pai 2000a). PC penetration in urban middle class households has increased in recent times (Dataquest 2000; Pai 2000b), and has led to an increase in the Internet subscribers. The popularity of the Internet has also had a feedback effect on PC sales (Dataquest 2000). The demand for bandwidth outstrips supply thirty-fold (Desai 2001). As of December 2000, there were only 28 million telephone lines equal to a tele-density of 3.5/100 persons. Alternatives to analog modems, such as ISDN lines or cable modems, are limited. Regulations have also stifled Internet growth. The ban on Internet telephony and the requirement to obtain security clearance before setting up an international gateway are two examples. In short, Internet diffusion in India started very recently and is characterized by high telephone charges, limited customer acceptance of E-commerce applications, limited telecommunications infrastructure, and restrictive regulations. These characteristics are prevalent in many other developing countries as well. The VSNL, is still by far the dominant player in the ISP market, and maintains the backbones that most private firms will have to use to provide access to consumers. There is currently one Level 1 gateway owned by VNSL, as well as a Level 2, through which most private companies will have to connect. 1995/96 1996/97 1997/98 1998/99 1999/2000 2000/2001 2001/2002 States Popn CAGR (81-91) Estd Popn CAGR of Lines Actual Lines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"000 Lines/100 Estd Lines Lines/100 Estd Lines Lines/100 Estd Lines Lines/100 Estd Lines Lines/100 Estd Lines Lines/100 Estd Lines AP 2.19 696.98 20.44 797 1.35 959 1.59 1155 1.87 1391 2.20 1675 2.60 2017 2.58 2044 Assam 1.20 227.37 21.59 107 0.56 130 0.68 158 0.81 192 0.98 233 1.17 283 1.16 284 Bihar 2.14 903.30 19.97 280 0.36 335 0.43 401 0.50 481 0.59 577 0.69 692 0.68 694 Gujarat 1.94 428.65 16.52 916 2.44 1067 2.79 1243 3.19 1448 3.64 1687 4.16 1965 4.18 2012 Haryana 2.45 174.52 21.31 295 2.00 357 2.36 433 2.80 525 3.31 636 3.91 771 3.90 786 Himachal 1.91 53.60 28.27 110 2.58 141 3.23 180 4.06 230 5.10 295 6.42 378 6.45 387 JK 2.57 82.29 13.61 53 0.71 60 0.79 68 0.87 77 0.96 87 1.05 98 1.02 98 Karnataka 1.93 466.52 20.32 784 1.98 943 2.34 1134 2.76 1364 3.26 1641 3.85 1974 3.85 2013 Kerala 1.35 307.74 22.24 681 2.67 832 3.22 1017 3.88 1243 4.68 1519 5.64 1856 5.71 1905 MP 2.41 700.25 22.47 623 1.06 762 1.27 933 1.52 1142 1.82 1398 2.17 1712 2.14 1730 Maharashtra 2.32 831.86 18.70 2425 3.38 2878 3.92 3416 4.55 4054 5.28 4812 6.12 5711 6.19 5904 Orissa 1.85 327.44 19.68 166 0.59 198 0.69 236 0.82 282 0.96 337 1.12 403 1.11 405 Punjab 1.91 210.22 25.23 571 3.34 715 4.1 895 5.03 1120 6.18 1402 7.60 1755 7.70 1813 Rajasthan 2.53 468.70 28.14 494 1.32 633 1.65 811 2.06 1039 2.57 1331 3.21 1705 3.17 1727 TN 1.44 570.17 22.01 1014 2.14 1237 2.57 1509 3.09 1841 3.72 2246 4.47 2740 4.50 2798 UP 2.30 1464.71 25.53 810 0.68 1016 0.83 1275 1.02 1600 1.25 2008 1.54 2520 1.51 2537 WB 2.23 714.44 15.56 610 0.96 704 1.09 813 1.23 939 1.39 1085 1.57 1253 1.55 1265 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"The above table represents an extrapolation based on the s available at the end of the 1995-96 fiscal year. The s show that the penetration of phone lines is in fact growing faster than the population. In addition, the s represent only the penetration of public services, whereas the latest telecom policy calls for added investment in the private sector. Nevertheless, it is clear that the current trends in growth will not result in the planned telephony penetration into India (7% by 2005 and 15% by 2010). In addition, in many cases the s are skewed towards the urban regions within the states, and mask a poorly developed rural sector. Thus, the general indication at this juncture is that there is a clear need for dedicated infrastructure developed throughout india. The Impact of the internet in developing countries http://cse.stanford.edu/classes/cs201/projects-00-01/third-world/india-overview.html Modeling Internet Growth To get a thorough understanding of the technicalities of Internet diffusion in developing countries, we will discuss a model, which combines contagion effects and their interaction with external factors. There are a variety of methodologies available in the market to represent dynamic processes. We will be discussing the SD (Sterman 2000) model. Some of the reasons for choosing this model are listed below: * The feedback loop, which is the main structural element in an SD model, makes the model well suited for capturing the interaction among different drivers of diffusion over time * The SD model not only represents quantifiable variables, but also soft variables, which help in understanding because the diffusion context has both social as well as technical aspects * System behavior in SD models results from interaction among its feedback loops When you build an SD model, you start with the development of a causal loop graph that consists of a collection of causal links. Each of these causal links has a certain polarity. A positive (negative) link is associated with a reinforcing (balancing) relation. A positive (negative) change in the cause in this scenario leads to a positive (negative) change in the effect. Small lines intersecting causal links represent the delays in an effect. A causal loop is the result of a closed sequence of causal links and the loop polarity can be easily understood from the individual link polarities. The causal loop graph results in a mathematical model in which relationships are illustrated by means of time varying difference equations. A what-if analysis is conducted by simulating the mathematical model under different parametric and structural alternatives. The given above depicts the causal loop diagram for our diffusion model. The first of validation is the verification of each of the structural components involved. We will be discussing the foundation for the core component, followed by the selected components that capture external factors that are typical of developing countries. At the heart of the diagram lies the contagion based Internet Adoption, which helps PC owners become Internet subscribers. Innovation Coefficient and Imitation Coefficient drive Contagion in the same manner as in Bass 1969. The causal loop structure consisting of the above five variables would result in the familiar S-shaped diffusion curve, if it did not have any other structural components. The basic contagion mechanism is augmented by external factors typical of developing countries. In the above , this is accomplished by driving the contagion parameters by external factors like PC price, tele-density and the level of competition allowed by regulation. Model validation Replicating observed behavior Replicating the observed behavior is the second stage involved in validating an SD model. The given above was transformed into the corresponding difference equations and was then implemented using the iThink package. The s given below provide a comparison of the simulated and observed behavior of subscriber base and growth rates respectively, using quarterly data for India from 1996 to January 2001 (Dutta. A, Roy. R, 2001) (Dutta. A, Roy. R, 2001) Conclusions from this model The validated model offers a synthetic environment that helps us in analyzing the effect of different external factors. Loop dominance analysis (LDA) was used in SD parlance in order to analyze the external factors. A dominant loop is one, which is mainly responsible for model behavior over a particular time interval. The relevance of LDA is that it helps in identifying which loops need to be strengthened and/or weakened, through policy actions, so that we can achieve maximum desirable behavior. Two conclusions analyzed from our model, using LDA, are listed below: * Low infrastructure facility, high hourly usage costs and low geographic dispersion are dominant in the diffusion process. Regulatory policies would help in weakening these variables and therefore would dominate the future diffusion processes. * Besides the industrial countries, security concerns have not spread intensely in developing countries. One explanation for this could be that e-commerce has not yet got a hold in developing countries. Political barriers hindering the growth of the Internet The political atmosphere in India is to blame for the slow growth of both, the Internet access and the telecom infrastructure. In spite of the liberalization of Indian economy in 1991, the telecommunication sector remained in tight control of the government. This resulted in a number of problems for both, private firms as well as consumers. Even though the government has increased its interest in promoting the growth of the Internet throughout India, there is still a need for the review and/or removal of regulations still in place if we want the telecom industry to flourish. The government should rethink its current policies on telecommunications, take into account the global changes brought the about by the advent of new technology, and work to create a market environment that is favorable for investment by both local and international IT firms. Impact of the Internet on various sectors in developing countries The Internet has considerable potential in various sectors in developing countries: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Education à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Banking and Finance à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Business à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Telecommunications à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Travel and Tourism We will discuss the impact of Internet on some sectors in detail. a) Impact on Education The world of education is undergoing some major changes, the most important of which is the use of the Internet in teaching and learning. Before the advent of the Internet the main sources of information for students were the teachers and the books available in the libraries. Now, thanks to the Internet, teachers are just one of the sources of information. Global access to information has widened their horizons to gain maximum knowledge. In this à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Information ageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , the Internet has helped involve students in active learning. They are more interested in hands-on learning, which presents them with practical, real-life experience. Studies have revealed that this style of learning results in better retention and understanding of topics. Also, learning is now not confined to the walls of the institutions. The easy and quick access to infinite resources of information has encouraged out of the box thinking. Besides these benefits, the Internet has helped in personal development of students. Social interaction over the Internet has helped students who are shy to interact and improve their communication skills. With the advent of the Internet, the concept of online exams has also evolved. It has become easier to appear for exams like GRE, GMAT, TOEFL, technical certification like SCJP etc. These exams are now conducted online, which has helped people in developing countries to enhance their knowledge. It has reduced the overheads and hassles involved in personally going to exam centers. One of the best examples would be CISCO human network which has promoted education in remote areas of almost all developing countries like India, Africa etc. by using the Internet for teaching through virtual classrooms which use video conferencing. b) Impact on Banking and Finance Around the clock banking is one of the biggest advantages of Internet use in banking. With the help of the Internet, we have remote access to the banks, which helps in transfer of money overseas with concepts like RTGS from RBI, India. It has reduced daily visits to the banks because we can get regular updates about our bank details online. Expenditure on administration services, paper, stationery etc. has been reduced which has helped in increasing the profit margins of banks besides being environment friendly. Internet has eliminated the tedious paperwork involved in banks, and has provided easy and fast access, making life much easier for bankers as well as customers. The concept of digital signatures has also picked up and it will only enhance the benefits of Internet banking. Tedious and monotonous process of dealing with brokers has been eliminated with the help of Online Trading. Demat accounts have eliminated the concept of physical shares. c) Impact on Business The Internet has provided a global source of information, which helps in developing new strategies and methodologies to enhance businesses. Even for the smallest of traders, constant updates of the prices of commodities are available online. Some companies use the Internet to build direct associations with their customers. Others are using the Internet to bring together buyers and sellers in the new tremendously efficient marketplaces. The Internet has taken the concept of e-Commerce to e-Business. The growth of the Internet has promoted inter-company trade of goods over the Internet. The best examples would be of online websites like e-Bay and other companies promoting online gifting systems. Airline industries have also benefited a lot from the Internet. Tickets can be booked online at any time of the day. d) Impact on Advertising The companies attract customers by building brand awareness and by providing market information over the Internet. This can be seen in the recent IPO (Initial Public Offerings) releases like those of Reliance Petronet. In e-business, the profits are generated not only by speeding up and automating the companys own internal processes but also by recognizing its ability to spread the efficiency benefits to the business systems of its suppliers and customers. The capability to team up with others may be just as much of a competitive advantage as the ability to deploy the technology. e) Impact on e-Governance With the growth of the Internet, people have realized that the use of information and communication technology to provide and improve the government services can be highly beneficial. Using the Internet for e-Governance is a convenient and cost effective method to provide people access to current information. Internet can promote greater citizen participation in the nations capital. It will encourage people all over the country to interact with politicians to make their voices heard so that the political situation can improve and the countries can progress. E-Governance would make the political system more efficient, provide improved services, better accessibility of public services and would make the processes more transparent and accountable. Nowadays, online counseling for entrance exams has reduced the overhead for the government institutions. Developing countries are now using the Internet to manage the biggest networks like railways. All travelling transactions can now be done online on websites like www.irctc.co.in (India). f) Impact on Telecommunications Internet has helped the developing countries in reducing the national as well as international call rates. The BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) nations have all taken up the concept of VOIP (Voi